一、各化学元素的电负性分别是多少?
鲍林指定氟的电负性为4.0,并以此为标准确定其他元素的电负性.氢 2.1 锂 0.98 铍 1.57 硼 2.04 碳 2.55 氮 3.04 氧 3.44 氟 3.98 钠 0.93 镁 1.31 铝 1.61 硅 1.90 磷 2.19 硫 2.58 氯 3.16 钾 0.82 钙 1.00 ...
二、电负性表
常见元素电负性（鲍林标度）
氢 2.2 锂 0.98 铍 1.57 硼 2.04 碳 2.55 氮 3.04 氧 3.44 氟 3.98
钠 0.93 镁 1.31 铝 1.61 硅 1.90 磷 2.19 硫 2.58 氯 3.16
钾 0.82 钙 1.00 锰 1.55 铁 1.83 镍 1.91 铜 1.9 锌 1.65 镓 1.81 锗 2.01 砷 2.18 硒 2.48 溴 2.96
铷 0.82 锶 0.95 银 1.93 碘 2.66 钡 0.89 金 2.54 铅 2.33
三、铍是两性金属吗？如果是的话，单质铍可以和强碱反应吗？其氢氧化物也可以和强碱反应吗？
铍与我们常见的铝和锌类似，是属于两性金属，它的单质可与强碱作用，氢氧化铍也是两性氢氧化物，同样可以和强碱反应。 反应式如下: Be + 2OH(-) + 2H2O= [Be(OH)4](2-) + H2
Be(OH)2 + 2OH(-) = [Be(OH)4](2-)
规律对角线规则(可以用电负性解释)，铍许多性质与铝相同，比如氢氧化铍和氢氧化铝一样，都可以和氢氧化钠反应，方程式：Be(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2BeO2+2H2O
铍是两性金属。
Be + 2OH(-) + 2H2O= [Be(OH)4](2-) + H2
Be(OH)2 + 2OH(-) = [Be(OH)4](2-)
要去找化学老师了啊
四、求全元素的电负性与标准电极电势表
氢 2.1 锂 0.98 铍 1.57 硼 2.04 碳 2.55 氮 3.04 氧 3.44 氟 3.98
钠 0.93 镁 1.31 铝 1.61 硅 1.90 磷 2.19 硫 2.58 氯 3.16
钾 0.82 钙 1.00 锰 1.55 铁 1.83 镍 1.91 铜 1.9 锌 1.65 镓 1.81 锗 2.01 砷 2.18 硒 2.48 溴 2.96
铷 0.82 锶 0.95 银 1.93 碘 2.66 钡 0.89 金 2.54 铅 2.33
一般来说，电负性大于1.8的是非金属元素，而小于等于1.8的往往是金属元素（当然，其中也存在例外）
标准电极电势表
半反应 E° (V) 来源
& -9
Zz 9
N N2(g) + H+ + e− HN3(aq) -3.09 [6]
Li+ + e− Li(s) -3.0401 [5]
N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− -3.04 [6]
Cs+ + e− Cs(s) -3.026 [5]
Rb+ + e− Rb(s) -2.98 [4]
K+ + e− K(s) -2.931 [5]
Ba2+ + 2 e− Ba(s) -2.912 [5]
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− La(s) + 3OH− -2.90 [5]
Sr2+ + 2 e− Sr(s) -2.899 [5]
Ca2+ + 2 e− Ca(s) -2.868 [5]
Eu2+ + 2 e− Eu(s) -2.812 [5]
Ra2+ + 2 e− Ra(s) -2.8 [5]
Na+ + e− Na(s) -2.71 [5][9]
La3+ + 3 e− La(s) -2.379 [5]
Y3+ + 3 e− Y(s) -2.372 [5]
Mg2+ + 2 e− Mg(s) -2.372 [5]
ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− Zr(s) + 4OH− -2.36 [5]
Al(OH)4− + 3 e− Al(s) + 4 OH− -2.33
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− Al(s) + 3OH− -2.31
H2(g) + 2 e− 2 H− -2.25
Ac3+ + 3 e− Ac(s) -2.20
Be2+ + 2 e− Be(s) -1.85
U3+ + 3 e− U(s) -1.66 [7]
Al3+ + 3 e− Al(s) -1.66 [9]
Ti2+ + 2 e− Ti(s) -1.63 [9]
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Zr(s) + 2 H2O -1.553 [5]
Zr4+ + 4 e− Zr(s) -1.45 [5]
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti(s) + H2O -1.31
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 TiO(s) + H2O -1.23
Ti3+ + 3 e− Ti(s) -1.21
Te(s) + 2 e− Te2− -1.143 [2]
V2+ + 2 e− V(s) -1.13 [2]
Nb3+ + 3 e− Nb(s) -1.099
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SnH4(g) -1.07
Mn2+ + 2 e− Mn(s) -1.029 [9]
SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Si(s) + 2 H2O -0.91
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− B(s) + 3 H2O -0.89
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− Ti(s) + H2O -0.86
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− BiH3 -0.8
H2 H2O + 2 e− H2(g) + 2 OH− -0.8277 [5]
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(Hg) -0.7628 [5]
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(s) -0.7618 [5]
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O -0.75
Cr3+ + 3 e− Cr(s) -0.74
Au[Au(CN)2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 CN− -0.60
Ta3+ + 3 e− Ta(s) -0.6
PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Pb(s) + 2 OH− -0.58
Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti2O3(s) + H2O -0.56
Ga3+ + 3 e− Ga(s) -0.53
U4+ + e− U3+ -0.52 [7]
P H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− P(白磷[10]) + 2 H2O -0.508 [5]
P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO2(aq) + H2O -0.499 [5]
P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− P(红磷)[10] + 3H2O -0.454 [5]
Fe2+ + 2 e− Fe(s) -0.44 [9]
C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43
Cr3+ + e− Cr2+ -0.42
Cd2+ + 2 e− Cd(s) -0.40 [9]
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− GeO(s) + H2O -0.37
Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− -0.360 [5]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(s) + SO42− -0.3588 [5]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(Hg) + SO42− -0.3505 [5]
Eu3+ + e− Eu2+ -0.35 [7]
In3+ + 3 e− In(s) 0.34 [2]
Tl+ + e− Tl(s) -0.34 [2]
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− GeH4(g) -0.29
Co2+ + 2 e− Co(s) -0.28 [5]
P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO3(aq) + H2O -0.276 [5]
V3+ + e− V2+ 0.26 [9]
Ni2+ + 2 e− Ni(s) -0.25
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− AsH3(g) -0.23 [2]
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Mo(s) + 2 H2O -0.15
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SiH4(g) -0.14
Sn2+ + 2 e− Sn(s) -0.13
O2(g) + H+ + e− HO2•(aq) -0.13
Pb2+ + 2 e− Pb(s) -0.13 [9]
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− W(s) + 2 H2O -0.12
P(红磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.111 [5]
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCOOH(aq) -0.11
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2Se(g) -0.11
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CO(g) + H2O -0.11
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Sn(s) + H2O -0.10
SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− SnO(s) + H2O -0.09
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− W(s) + 3 H2O -0.09 [2]
P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.063 [5]
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.03
H 2 H+ + 2 e− H2(g) ≡ 0
S4O62− + 2 e− 2 S2O32− +0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O +0.085 [8]
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6H+ + 6 e− 2 NH4OH(aq) +0.092
HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Hg(l) + 2 OH− +0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ + e− Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 +0.10 [2]
Ru(NH3)63+ + e− Ru(NH3)62+ +0.10 [7]
N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− +0.11 [6]
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− Mo(s) + 4 H2O +0.11
Ge4+ + 4 e− Ge(s) +0.12
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− CH4(g) +0.13 [2]
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH3OH(aq) +0.13
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2S(g) +0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e− Sn2+ +0.15
Cu2+ + e− Cu+ +0.159 [2]
S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.16
UO22+ + e− UO2+ +0.163 [7]
S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.17
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− Ti3+ + H2O +0.19
Bi3+ + 2e− Bi+ +0.2
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− Sb(s) + H2O +0.20
As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− As(s) + 3 H2O +0.24
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ge(s) + H2O +0.26
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− U4+ + 2 H2O +0.273 [7]
Re3+ + 3 e− Re(s) +0.300
Bi3+ + 3 e− Bi(s) +0.32
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− V3+ + H2O +0.34
Cu2+ + 2 e− Cu(s) +0.340 [2]
Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− [Fe(CN)6]4− +0.36
O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− 4 OH−(aq) +0.40 [9]
Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− Mo3+ + 2 H2O +0.43
Bi+ + e− Bi(s) +0.50
C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH4(g) + H2O +0.50
S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− S(s) + 2 H2O +0.50
Cu+ + e− Cu(s) +0.520 [2]
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− C(s) + H2O +0.52
I2(s) + 2 e− 2 I− +0.54 [9]
I3− + 2 e− 3 I− +0.53 [9]
Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 I− +0.56
As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3AsO3(aq) + H2O +0.56
Au [AuI2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 I− +0.58
MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 4 OH− +0.59
S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 S(s) + 3 H2O +0.60
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− MoO2(s) + 2 H2O +0.65
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2O2(aq) +0.70
Tl3+ + 3 e− Tl(s) +0.72
PtCl62− + 2 e− PtCl42− + 2 Cl− +0.726 [7]
Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Se(s) + 3 H2O +0.74
PtCl42− + 2 e− Pt(s) + 4 Cl− +0.758 [7]
Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77
Ag+ + e− Ag(s) +0.7996 [5]
Hg22+ + 2 e− 2 Hg(l) +0.80
N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− NO2(g) + H2O +0.80
Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Br− +0.85
Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg(l) +0.85
MnO4− + H+ + e− HMnO4− +0.90
Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg22+ +0.91 [2]
Pd2+ + 2 e− Pd(s) +0.915 [7]
Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Cl− +0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Mn3+ + 2 H2O +0.95
Au [AuBr2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Br− +0.96
Br2(l) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.07
Br2(aq) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.09 [9]
I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HIO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.13
Au [AuCl2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Cl− +1.15
Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− H2SeO3(aq) + H2O +1.15
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 Ag(s) + H2O +1.17
ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− ClO2(g) + H2O +1.18
Pt2+ + 2 e− Pt(s) +1.188 [7]
ClO2(g) + H+ + e− HClO2(aq) +1.19
I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− I2(s) + 6 H2O +1.20
ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ClO3− + H2O +1.20
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 2 H2O +1.23 [9]
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23
Tl3+ + 2 e− Tl+ +1.25
Cl2(g) + 2 e− 2 Cl− +1.36 [9]
Cr2O7− − + 14 H+ + 6 e− 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33
CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Co3+ + 2 H2O +1.42
N 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− N2H5+ + 2 H2O +1.42 [6]
I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− I2(s) + 2 H2O +1.44
Ce4+ + e− Ce3+ +1.44
BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.45
PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.460 [2]
PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.468 [2]
Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Br2(l) + 6 H2O +1.48
Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Cl2(g) + 6 H2O +1.49
MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.51
O HO2• + H+ + e− H2O2(aq) +1.51
Au3+ + 3 e− Au(s) +1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Ni2+ + 2 OH− +1.59
Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 H2O +1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O +1.67
Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HClO(aq) + H2O +1.67
Pb4+ + 2 e− Pb2+ +1.69 [2]
MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +1.70
O H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 H2O +1.78
AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− Ag+ + H2O +1.77
Co3+ + e− Co2+ +1.82
Au+ + e− Au(s) +1.83 [2]
BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− BrO3− + H2O +1.85
Ag2+ + e− Ag+ +1.98 [2]
S2O82− + 2 e− 2 SO42− +2.07
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− O2(g) + H2O +2.075 [7]
Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +2.09
F2(g) + 2 e− 2 F− +2.87 [2][9]
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 HF(aq) +3.05 [2]
